Installing Debian 10 on a Macbook Pro

2021-01-09

I've always used the RedHat-flavoured versions of Linux, usually CentOS. However, Red Hat "acquired" CentOS and has decided to stop maintaining CentOS 8 and declare an early end-of-life for it, and is now offering "CentOS Stream". Instead of following Red Hat Enterprise, CentOS is now essentially a beta-test distro which feeds into RHEL, and anybody who uses CentOS is providing free QA services for Red Hat.

IBM purchased RedHat a few years back, so I can't say I'm totally surprised by this.

Anyway.

At work, the servers we deploy at client sites have been using CentOS 7 for many years, and we were about to start upgrading things from CentOS 7 to CentOS 8. However, with this news we've decided to move away from CentOS entirely.

At the same time, we're also in the process of re-architecting our software to run under Kubernetes, which doesn't really care what distro it's running on, so long as it has a Linux kernel. So moving from CentOS to Debian isn't necessarily a huge deal, except that it means re-writing the systems which build the underlying machines on which Docker and Kubernetes will be installed.

Which is pretty much my job.

Long story short, we've decided to use Debian 10 instead of CentOS.

Actually, other things have changed over time. For a while we were targeting Debian 11, then Debian 12, but the company was acquired, and then that company was acquired, and the new corporate overlords have decreed that we're going to use RHEL 9, and are not open to any kind of discussion about it. The company I started with is just one small part of one division of the current corporation - instead of having 170 employees, we now have 86,000 employees. At this point I'm just glad they remember my name when it comes time to issue paychecks.

This page contains a collection of random notes I made for myself while exploring Debian 10, using a spare 2013 MacBook Pro.

Notes about Debian 10

Moste of these notes also apply to Debian 11 and 12 as well.

Mac Boot Menu

On a Mac, when you hold down the Option key during the start-up chime, it shows a list of all bootable partitions or devices and lets you choose which one to boot from. Debian doesn't appear on this list, however it does boot correctly when you don't use the boot selector.

At some point I'll figure out why it's not showing up there, when I do I'll update this page.

Wifi Driver

This particular machine is going to be used as a server, at least for now, so it doesn't really need wifi support. However, I figure I'm going to need wifi support at some point, so I took a few minutes to figure out how to enable it, so I could include it here.

Broadcomm chipsets (and some others) require that an opaque binary "blob" be uploaded into the card in order to initialize it. These blobs are not open-source, so they cannot be distributed as part of Debian itself. Instead, the debian "contrib" repo contains a package called firmware-b43-installer which, as part of its post-install script, downloads a package full of binary blobs from (somewhere?) to the /lib/firmware/ directory.

• https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware

Install firmware manually

Edit /etc/apt/sources.list. At the end of every deb and deb-src line which points to deb.debian.org, after main, add contrib.

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib

Once this is done, install the package which downloads and installs the firmware files.

# apt install firmware-b43-installer

When the package finishes installing, you will see it download a file from an external web site, which contains a collection of firmware blobs. This file is expanded into the /lib/firmware/ directory.

Once the file has been downloaded and installed, reboot the machine.

# shutdown -r now

When it boots again, the kernel should load the firmware file, and the wifi interface should be created.

# ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp1s0f0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp2s0b1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

In this case, "wlp2s0b1" is the new wifi interface.

During the install

The Debian installer recognizes the Wifi chipset as one that it doesn't support without a firmware "blob" file, and provides a mechanism to supply the file on a USB stick (or a floppy, if the machine has one). This seems useful if you need wifi in order to complete the install.

Every time I've seen this, the machine has had a physical ethernet port, so I've never needed to do this. I have no idea what the requirements are, i.e. what filesystem the USB stick can or should use, whether the firmware blob file should be in the root of the stick or within a certain directory, and so forth. If I ever get curious and have the time I'll play around with that and update this page with my findings.

Interface names

Debian 10 has adopted this "Predictable Names" thing, where the network interfaces are given names which are supposed to never change, but which are very tedious for a human to remember or type.

It's not necessarily a bad concept, and on machines where the hardware may change from time to time (i.e. if you have network interfaces which connect via USB) it can make sense. But it doesn't really provide any value for a server, where the hardware never changes.

And I don't particularly care to un-learn almost thirty years' worth of muscle memory, and change from knowing that the ethernet interfaces are eth0, eth1, and so forth, to having to look up the interface names on every machine I touch.

I prefer to use the sensible "old school" names like eth0 and wlan0, so I did the following:

• Edit /etc/default/grub, add net.ifnames=0 to the kernel's command line.

  GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0"
  

• Run update-grub

• Reboot.

Once it comes back, you will probably find that none of the interfaces have IP addresses, because their names don't match the names in the /etc/network/interfaces file. To fix this...

• Run ip link show and note the new names of each interface.

• Edit /etc/network/interfaces and change any instance of the old interface names, to the corresponding new name.

• Restart the network.

  TODO: systemctl restart network doesn't work on Debian, need to figure out how to do this.

Timezone

One of the first questions that the Debian installer asks is, what part of the world you're in. Later on it asks what timezone you want the machine to use, however if you selected "United States" as a location, it will only show you the American time zones.

A LOT of people have been complaining about this for years, but apparently the people who maintain the Debian installer don't want to hear that some people build servers and want the systems' clocks to run on UTC.

During install

The only way to get UTC as an option during the install is to lie about your location.

• Select (UK? Europe? "Etc"?) as location.

• Then select UTC as the timezone.

Note that doing this may also configure other things on the system, like using the "en_GB" locale instead of "en_US", which may result in using an unexpected console font or keyboard mapping. (Seeing "£" when you're trying to type "#" is always fun.)

After install

The other option is to let the installer do what it wants to do, and then manually configure the timezone after the system is running.

List available time zones: (the list is rather long)

$ timedatectl list-timezones
...
America/New_York
...
Etc/UTC
...

Set the system to use a different time zone:

$ sudo timedatectl set-timezone Etc/UTC

Alternate method: (useful on older Debian machines which don't have a timedatectl command)

$ sudo ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/UTC /etc/localtime

Changelog

2024-07-06 jms1

• updated intro text

2024-06-19 jms1

• moved page to new jms1.info site, updated header
• minor content updates

2022-01-22 jms1

• added possible "last updated" field for each page, used this page to test
• minor tweaks in text
• fixed Changelog dates (should be 2021, not 2011)

2021-01-12 jms1

• updated info about how to set time zone
• better explanation of how firmware-b43-installer works
• added other general info
• added to jms1.info site

2021-01-09 jms1

• initial version (not ready for public consumption yet)